- Quality
Quality is vital for the young calf. It pays to invest in a good quality milk replacer based on milk proteins (protein 20-26%, fat 16-20%, ash <9%) to give the calf the best possible start in life.
Choose a calf milk replacer to match your system. For example the high performing heifers should be fed a high protein, low oil formulation such as Heiferlac 26% protein, 16% oil.
Beef calves can be fed a more economical replacer, with equal proportions of protein and oil to give a high energy feed resulting in good looking, well grown calves (Olympian 20% protein, 20% oil).
- Frequency & Volume
Volume and frequency of milk fed to calves will differ according to your objectives and the feeding system you choose. Volume MUST be consistent. For bucket fed calves volumes should not vary from feed to feed. Changes to amounts fed should be introduced on a small step basis. Feed calves at the same time each day. If feeding twice a day it doesn’t have to be exact 12 hour intervals but it must be consistent. If feeding once a day stick to 24 hour intervals rigorously.
- Temperature and consistency
Milk must be fed to calves at a consistent temperature of 37-38Oc. This ensures closure of the oesophageal groove, directing milk into the abomasum. Failure of the oesophageal groove to close will result in the spillage of milk into the rumen which can increase the risk of scour. Never use hot water to make up milk replacer as this will damage the sensitive milk proteins which are essential for calf performance. Use a thermometer to check the temperature of both the water and mixed milk.
Whole milk can be difficult to feed at a consistent temperature and usually varies considerably in nutrient content on a day-to-day basis; this can lead to health and performance issues.
- Concentration
Milk replacer can be mixed at any concentration between 10% and 15% solids for feeding calves twice per day, but always mix at the chosen concentration consistently. Check the concentration of milk being fed. For example for a concentration of 12.5% solids, use 125g milk powder plus 875ml of luke warm water to make up 1 litre of mixed milk. Use scales to accurately weight the milk powder.
- Convenience and Labour
Milk replacer can be conveniently stored as a dry, relatively stable product rather than a perishable liquid. The practical aspect of storing and handling whole milk.